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math module

Behaviour matches CPython 3.14 for the implemented set, apart from the notes below.

Implemented

Rounding: floor, ceil, trunc. Roots / powers: sqrt, isqrt, cbrt, pow, exp, exp2, expm1. Logarithms: log, log2, log10, log1p. Trig: sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2. Hyperbolic: sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh. Angles: degrees, radians. Float properties: fabs, isnan, isinf, isfinite, copysign, isclose, nextafter, ulp. Integer math: factorial, gcd, lcm, comb, perm. Modular: fmod, remainder, modf, frexp, ldexp. Special: gamma, lgamma, erf, erfc. Summation / products: hypot, dist, fsum, prod, sumprod, fma.

Constants: pi, e, tau, inf, nan.

Behavioural notes

  • Real-number arguments accept floats, integers of any size, and booleans, but do not call user-defined __float__ or __index__ methods.
  • math.factorial(n) and math.perm(n) accept n up to 2**63 - 1 everywhere and report that limit in their OverflowError. CPython’s limit is C long, so on Windows it is 2**31 - 1 and the message says should not exceed 2147483647.
  • math.log, log2 and log10 of an int beyond the float range compute log(m) + log(2) * e from the int’s leading bits, as CPython does. Monty never fuses that multiply-add, so the result can differ from CPython by one unit in the last place on builds whose C compiler emits a fused multiply-add (CPython on Apple Silicon does; Linux x86-64 and Windows builds do not). For example math.log(3**700) is 769.0286020676768 in Monty and 769.0286020676767 in CPython on macOS arm64.