Networks

The networks module contains types for common network-related fields.

UrlConstraints

Url constraints.

Attributes

max_length

The maximum length of the url. Defaults to None.

Type: int | None

allowed_schemes

The allowed schemes. Defaults to None.

Type: list[str] | None

host_required

Whether the host is required. Defaults to None.

Type: bool | None

default_host

The default host. Defaults to None.

Type: str | None

default_port

The default port. Defaults to None.

Type: int | None

default_path

The default path. Defaults to None.

Type: str | None

preserve_empty_path

Whether to preserve empty URL paths. Defaults to None.

Type: bool | None

AnyUrl

Bases: _BaseUrl

Base type for all URLs.

Any scheme allowed
Top-level domain (TLD) not required
Host not required

Assuming an input URL of http://samuel:[email protected]:8000/the/path/?query=here#fragment=is;this=bit, the types export the following properties:

scheme: the URL scheme (http), always set.
host: the URL host (example.com).
username: optional username if included (samuel).
password: optional password if included (pass).
port: optional port (8000).
path: optional path (/the/path/).
query: optional URL query (for example, GET arguments or “search string”, such as query=here).
fragment: optional fragment (fragment=is;this=bit).

AnyHttpUrl

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any http or https URL.

TLD not required
Host not required

HttpUrl

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any http or https URL.

TLD not required
Host not required
Max length 2083

from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl, ValidationError

class MyModel(BaseModel):
  url: HttpUrl

m = MyModel(url='http://www.example.com')  # (1)
print(m.url)
#> http://www.example.com/

try:
  MyModel(url='ftp://invalid.url')
except ValidationError as e:
  print(e)
  '''
  1 validation error for MyModel
  url
    URL scheme should be 'http' or 'https' [type=url_scheme, input_value='ftp://invalid.url', input_type=str]
  '''

try:
  MyModel(url='not a url')
except ValidationError as e:
  print(e)
  '''
  1 validation error for MyModel
  url
    Input should be a valid URL, relative URL without a base [type=url_parsing, input_value='not a url', input_type=str]
  '''

“International domains” (e.g. a URL where the host or TLD includes non-ascii characters) will be encoded via punycode (see this article for a good description of why this is important):

from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

class MyModel(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl

m1 = MyModel(url='http://puny£code.com')
print(m1.url)
#> http://xn--punycode-eja.com/
m2 = MyModel(url='https://www.аррӏе.com/')
print(m2.url)
#> https://www.xn--80ak6aa92e.com/
m3 = MyModel(url='https://www.example.珠宝/')
print(m3.url)
#> https://www.example.xn--pbt977c/

In Pydantic, underscores are allowed in all parts of a domain except the TLD. Technically this might be wrong - in theory the hostname cannot have underscores, but subdomains can.

To explain this; consider the following two cases:

exam_ple.co.uk: the hostname is exam_ple, which should not be allowed since it contains an underscore.
foo_bar.example.com the hostname is example, which should be allowed since the underscore is in the subdomain.

Without having an exhaustive list of TLDs, it would be impossible to differentiate between these two. Therefore underscores are allowed, but you can always do further validation in a validator if desired.

Also, Chrome, Firefox, and Safari all currently accept http://exam_ple.com as a URL, so we’re in good (or at least big) company.

AnyWebsocketUrl

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any ws or wss URL.

TLD not required
Host not required

WebsocketUrl

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any ws or wss URL.

TLD not required
Host not required
Max length 2083

FileUrl

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any file URL.

Host not required

FtpUrl

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept ftp URL.

TLD not required
Host not required

PostgresDsn

Bases: _BaseMultiHostUrl

A type that will accept any Postgres DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host required
Supports multiple hosts

If further validation is required, these properties can be used by validators to enforce specific behaviour:

from pydantic import (
    BaseModel,
    HttpUrl,
    PostgresDsn,
    ValidationError,
    field_validator,
)

class MyModel(BaseModel):
    url: HttpUrl

m = MyModel(url='http://www.example.com')

# the repr() method for a url will display all properties of the url
print(repr(m.url))
#> HttpUrl('http://www.example.com/')
print(m.url.scheme)
#> http
print(m.url.host)
#> www.example.com
print(m.url.port)
#> 80

class MyDatabaseModel(BaseModel):
    db: PostgresDsn

    @field_validator('db')
    def check_db_name(cls, v):
        assert v.path and len(v.path) > 1, 'database must be provided'
        return v

m = MyDatabaseModel(db='postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/foobar')
print(m.db)
#> postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/foobar

try:
    MyDatabaseModel(db='postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432')
except ValidationError as e:
    print(e)
    '''
    1 validation error for MyDatabaseModel
    db
      Assertion failed, database must be provided
    assert (None)
     +  where None = PostgresDsn('postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432').path [type=assertion_error, input_value='postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432', input_type=str]
    '''

Attributes

host

The required URL host.

Type: str

CockroachDsn

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any Cockroach DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host required

Attributes

host

The required URL host.

Type: str

AmqpDsn

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any AMQP DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host not required

RedisDsn

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any Redis DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host required (e.g., rediss://:pass@localhost)

Attributes

host

The required URL host.

Type: str

MongoDsn

Bases: _BaseMultiHostUrl

A type that will accept any MongoDB DSN.

User info not required
Database name not required
Port not required
User info may be passed without user part (e.g., mongodb://mongodb0.example.com:27017).

If a port isn’t specified, the default MongoDB port 27017 will be used. If this behavior is undesirable, you can use the following:

from typing import Annotated

from pydantic import UrlConstraints
from pydantic_core import MultiHostUrl

MongoDsnNoDefaultPort = Annotated[
    MultiHostUrl,
    UrlConstraints(allowed_schemes=['mongodb', 'mongodb+srv']),
]

KafkaDsn

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any Kafka DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host not required

NatsDsn

Bases: _BaseMultiHostUrl

A type that will accept any NATS DSN.

NATS is a connective technology built for the ever increasingly hyper-connected world. It is a single technology that enables applications to securely communicate across any combination of cloud vendors, on-premise, edge, web and mobile, and devices. More: https://nats.io

MySQLDsn

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any MySQL DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host not required

MariaDBDsn

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any MariaDB DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host not required

ClickHouseDsn

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any ClickHouse DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host not required

SnowflakeDsn

Bases: AnyUrl

A type that will accept any Snowflake DSN.

User info required
TLD not required
Host required

Attributes

host

The required URL host.

Type: str

EmailStr

Validate email addresses.

from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

class Model(BaseModel):
    email: EmailStr

print(Model(email='[email protected]'))
#> email='[email protected]'

NameEmail

Bases: Representation

Validate a name and email address combination, as specified by RFC 5322.

The NameEmail has two properties: name and email. In case the name is not provided, it’s inferred from the email address.

from pydantic import BaseModel, NameEmail

class User(BaseModel):
    email: NameEmail

user = User(email='Fred Bloggs <[email protected]>')
print(user.email)
#> Fred Bloggs <[email protected]>
print(user.email.name)
#> Fred Bloggs

user = User(email='[email protected]')
print(user.email)
#> fred.bloggs <[email protected]>
print(user.email.name)
#> fred.bloggs

IPvAnyAddress

Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 address.

from pydantic import BaseModel
from pydantic.networks import IPvAnyAddress

class IpModel(BaseModel):
    ip: IPvAnyAddress

print(IpModel(ip='127.0.0.1'))
#> ip=IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')

try:
    IpModel(ip='http://www.example.com')
except ValueError as e:
    print(e.errors())
    '''
    [
        {
            'type': 'ip_any_address',
            'loc': ('ip',),
            'msg': 'value is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address',
            'input': 'http://www.example.com',
        }
    ]
    '''

IPvAnyInterface

Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 interface.

IPvAnyNetwork

Validate an IPv4 or IPv6 network.

validate_email

def validate_email(value: str) -> tuple[str, str]

Email address validation using email-validator.

Returns

tuple[str, str] — A tuple containing the local part of the email (or the name for “pretty” email addresses) and the normalized email.

Raises

PydanticCustomError — If the email is invalid.

MAX_EMAIL_LENGTH

Maximum length for an email. A somewhat arbitrary but very generous number compared to what is allowed by most implementations.

Default: 2048